The journal is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and academic integrity throughout the entire publication process. This Publication Ethics Statement applies to all parties involved in scholarly publishing, including authors, editors, reviewers, and the publisher.
The journal follows internationally recognized principles of responsible research and publication and is committed to ensuring that all published works are original, academically rigorous, transparent, and ethically conducted.
The journal is committed to the following principles:
Integrity and honesty in research and publication
Originality and responsible scholarship
Transparency in the editorial and peer-review process
Fair and objective evaluation of manuscripts
Confidentiality of submitted manuscripts
Appropriate acknowledgment of sources
Responsible authorship
Disclosure and management of conflicts of interest
Responsible use and disclosure of artificial intelligence
Correction of errors and maintenance of the scholarly record
Protection of research participants and confidential information
All parties are expected to act professionally and ethically throughout the publication process.
Authors are responsible for ensuring that submitted manuscripts meet appropriate standards of academic and publication ethics.
Authors must:
Submit original work that has not been previously published.
Ensure that the manuscript is not simultaneously under consideration by another journal.
Accurately report research findings and avoid fabrication, falsification, or manipulation of data.
Properly acknowledge all sources, ideas, data, quotations, and materials derived from other works.
Ensure that all claims and conclusions are supported by appropriate evidence.
Provide sufficient information regarding research methods to support scholarly evaluation.
Obtain appropriate ethical approval and informed consent where required.
Protect the confidentiality and privacy of research participants.
Disclose relevant financial, institutional, personal, or professional conflicts of interest.
Declare sources of financial support for the research where applicable.
Ensure that all listed authors have made substantial contributions to the work.
Obtain approval from all authors for the final version of the manuscript.
Cooperate with the editorial office in responding to questions concerning research integrity.
Correct significant errors discovered in the manuscript or published article.
Authors remain fully responsible for the content, accuracy, originality, and ethical integrity of their manuscripts.
Manuscripts submitted to the journal must be original.
Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:
Copying text without appropriate acknowledgment
Presenting another person's ideas as one's own
Unattributed use of data or research findings
Excessive copying or inappropriate paraphrasing
Duplicate publication
Self-plagiarism
The journal may use plagiarism or similarity-detection software as part of the editorial screening process.
Where plagiarism or substantial unattributed copying is identified, the manuscript may be rejected and further action may be taken in accordance with applicable publication-ethics procedures.
The journal does not tolerate research misconduct, including:
Fabrication of data or results
Falsification or manipulation of data
Manipulation of images or research materials
Misrepresentation of research procedures
Suppression or inappropriate alteration of research findings
Misuse of confidential information
Unethical research practices
Suspected misconduct may be investigated by the editorial team. Where necessary, the journal may request clarification, supporting documentation, institutional investigation, or other appropriate evidence.
Authorship should be based on substantial contributions to the research and manuscript.
Individuals listed as authors should have contributed meaningfully to one or more of the following:
Conception or design of the study
Data collection or research execution
Analysis or interpretation of data
Development of the theoretical or conceptual framework
Drafting or substantial revision of the manuscript
All authors must approve the final manuscript and accept responsibility for the integrity of the work.
Individuals who contributed to the research but do not meet authorship criteria should be appropriately acknowledged.
The journal does not permit:
Gift authorship
Guest authorship
Ghost authorship
Honorary authorship
Unjustified exclusion of qualified contributors
Changes to authorship after submission require an appropriate explanation and approval from all affected authors.
Authors must not submit the same manuscript to more than one journal simultaneously.
Manuscripts should not contain substantial portions of previously published work unless appropriately disclosed, cited, and justified.
Duplicate or redundant publication may constitute publication misconduct and may result in rejection or other editorial action.
Authors must properly acknowledge all sources that have materially contributed to their research.
Citations should be relevant, accurate, and used appropriately.
Authors must not manipulate citations for the purpose of increasing citation counts or artificially influencing journal metrics.
The journal does not support:
Excessive self-citation
Unnecessary citation of articles from the same journal
Citation manipulation
Coercive citation practices
Research involving human participants must comply with relevant ethical standards and applicable institutional, national, and international regulations.
Where applicable, authors should provide information regarding:
Ethical approval
Informed consent
Participant confidentiality
Privacy protection
Data protection
Risks and benefits of participation
Authors must ensure that personally identifiable or confidential information is not disclosed without appropriate authorization.
Where research involves animals, authors must ensure that the study complies with applicable institutional and ethical standards governing animal research.
Authors should provide relevant information concerning ethical approval, animal welfare, procedures, and applicable regulations where appropriate.
Editors, reviewers, and authors must disclose any financial, personal, professional, institutional, or other relationships that could reasonably influence or appear to influence the research or editorial decision-making process.
A conflict of interest does not necessarily prevent publication or participation in the review process, but it must be appropriately disclosed and managed.
Reviewers should decline assignments when a conflict could compromise their impartiality.
Editors are responsible for maintaining the academic and ethical standards of the journal.
Editors must:
Evaluate manuscripts fairly and objectively
Base editorial decisions on scholarly quality, relevance, originality, and integrity
Maintain confidentiality of submitted manuscripts
Select appropriate and qualified reviewers
Manage conflicts of interest
Protect the integrity of the peer-review process
Respond appropriately to suspected misconduct
Provide authors with clear and professional editorial communication
Ensure that corrections and retractions are handled appropriately
Avoid discrimination based on irrelevant personal characteristics
Editors must not use unpublished information from submitted manuscripts for personal or professional advantage.
Reviewers play an essential role in maintaining the quality and integrity of scholarly publication.
Reviewers must:
Provide objective and constructive evaluations
Assess manuscripts based on scholarly and methodological quality
Maintain confidentiality
Identify relevant published work where appropriate
Inform the editor of suspected plagiarism or research misconduct
Declare conflicts of interest
Complete reviews within the agreed timeframe
Avoid personal criticism of authors
Refrain from using unpublished information for personal or professional benefit
Reviewers should provide clear and academically justified comments to assist authors and editors.
All manuscripts submitted to the journal are treated as confidential documents.
Editors, reviewers, and other individuals involved in the editorial process must not disclose information about submitted manuscripts to unauthorized persons.
Unpublished materials contained in submitted manuscripts must not be used for personal, academic, commercial, or professional purposes without appropriate authorization.
The journal is committed to maintaining a fair, rigorous, and transparent peer-review process.
Reviewers are expected to provide independent assessments based on the scholarly quality of the manuscript.
Any attempt to manipulate the peer-review process, including fabricated reviewer identities, fraudulent review reports, reviewer coercion, or inappropriate interference, will be treated as a serious ethical concern.
The responsible use of artificial intelligence and generative AI tools is permitted where consistent with the journal's AI and Generative AI Policy.
Authors remain fully responsible for:
Accuracy of AI-assisted content
Originality of the manuscript
Verification of references and factual claims
Ethical and legal compliance
Final interpretation and conclusions
AI tools must not be listed as authors or co-authors.
Substantive use of AI or generative AI in manuscript preparation should be transparently disclosed.
Editors and reviewers must also ensure that confidential manuscript content is not entered into AI systems or external tools in a manner that compromises confidentiality.
The journal is committed to maintaining an accurate and reliable scholarly record.
Corrections may be published when significant errors are identified that do not invalidate the overall findings or integrity of the article.
Retraction may be considered when an article contains serious problems, such as:
Fabricated or falsified data
Major methodological or analytical errors
Plagiarism
Duplicate publication
Serious ethical violations
Unreliable or invalid findings
Retractions and corrections will be handled transparently and in accordance with accepted publication-ethics practices.
The journal provides mechanisms for authors, reviewers, readers, and other stakeholders to raise legitimate concerns regarding the editorial or publication process.
Complaints should be submitted to the editorial office with sufficient information to allow the matter to be properly investigated.
Appeals against editorial decisions should provide clear and substantive reasons, particularly where there is evidence of procedural error, factual misunderstanding, or conflict of interest.
All complaints and appeals will be handled fairly, confidentially, and objectively.
When an allegation of research or publication misconduct is received, the journal may conduct an initial assessment to determine whether the concern requires further investigation.
Depending on the nature and seriousness of the allegation, the journal may:
Request an explanation from the authors
Request supporting documentation
Consult reviewers or editorial advisers
Contact the relevant institution
Request an institutional investigation
Publish a correction or expression of concern
Retract the affected article
Reject a manuscript
The journal seeks to ensure that investigations are conducted fairly and that all parties are given an appropriate opportunity to respond.
Editorial decisions should be made independently and based on scholarly and ethical considerations.
Editors must not allow:
Personal relationships
Commercial interests
Institutional pressure
Political considerations
Financial interests
Personal beliefs
to improperly influence editorial decisions.
The journal is committed to protecting academic freedom and editorial independence.
Readers and other stakeholders may report concerns regarding published articles to the editorial office.
Reports should provide specific information and, where possible, supporting evidence.
The editorial team will assess credible concerns and may initiate an appropriate investigation.
When necessary, the journal may publish:
Corrections
Clarifications
Expressions of concern
Retractions
to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.
The publisher supports the journal in maintaining editorial independence, publication integrity, and ethical standards.
The publisher should provide appropriate support for:
Maintaining the journal's publishing infrastructure
Preserving the scholarly record
Addressing publication-ethics concerns
Supporting corrections and retractions
Protecting published content from unauthorized alteration
Maintaining transparency in publication policies
The publisher must not interfere with editorial decisions based on commercial or other inappropriate interests.
The journal is committed to continuously improving its editorial and publication practices.
All authors, editors, reviewers, and publishers are expected to uphold the principles of integrity, transparency, accountability, fairness, confidentiality, originality, and respect for ethical research practices.
By submitting, reviewing, editing, or publishing a manuscript, all parties agree to comply with the journal's publication ethics policies and contribute to maintaining a trustworthy scholarly record.
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