Copyright Notice and Licensing

Copyright Notice

Authors retain the copyright of their published work while granting the journal the right of first publication.

By submitting a manuscript, authors confirm that:

  • The submitted work is original and has not been previously published.
  • The manuscript does not infringe the copyright, intellectual property, privacy, or other rights of any third party.
  • All authors have approved the submitted version of the manuscript.
  • Appropriate permission has been obtained for any copyrighted material reproduced in the manuscript, where applicable.
  • All sources and materials used in the manuscript have been appropriately acknowledged and cited.

Authors retain the right to use, share, and distribute their published work in accordance with the terms of the applicable Creative Commons license.

Licensing

All published articles are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Under the CC BY 4.0 license, readers and other users are permitted to:

  • Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
  • Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial purposes.

The following conditions apply:

  • Attribution — appropriate credit must be given to the original author(s) and source.
  • A link to the license must be provided.
  • Any changes made to the original material must be indicated.
  • No additional restrictions may be applied that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

The full license is available at:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

Author Rights

Authors retain the copyright to their work and may:

  • Share the published article with others.
  • Deposit the article in institutional or subject repositories.
  • Use the article for educational and research purposes.
  • Reuse portions of the work in future scholarly publications, subject to appropriate acknowledgment.
  • Distribute copies of the published article for non-commercial or commercial purposes in accordance with the CC BY 4.0 license.

Third-Party Material

Authors are responsible for identifying material in their manuscripts that is not covered by the journal's Creative Commons license.

Third-party material may include photographs, illustrations, datasets, tables, figures, quotations, or other copyrighted content owned by parties other than the authors.

Where third-party material is not covered by the CC BY 4.0 license, users must obtain permission from the relevant copyright holder before using that material beyond what is permitted by applicable copyright law.

Publisher Rights

The publisher retains the right to publish, distribute, preserve, and maintain the scholarly record of articles published by the journal.

The publisher may reproduce and distribute published articles through the journal website, indexing and abstracting services, repositories, databases, and other scholarly communication platforms in accordance with the applicable license.

Copyright and Ethical Responsibility

Publication under a Creative Commons license does not remove the authors' responsibility for the originality, accuracy, ethical integrity, and legality of their work.

Authors remain responsible for ensuring that their manuscripts comply with applicable copyright, intellectual property, privacy, research ethics, and publication-ethics requirements.

The journal may take appropriate editorial action if copyright infringement, plagiarism, unauthorized reproduction, or other intellectual-property violations are identified before or after publication.